Ethnography
Ethnography is a creative process of discovering and mapping the cultural patterns within a group. Ethnography also helps to develop models that could explain those patterns. Therefore, ethnography can be used as an anthropological design research method to investigate everyday social life and give a description of the culture of a group of people. Additionally, many anthropologists and sociologists are employing ethnographic techniques to understand everyday product experiences and the processes of design.
Ethnography can be a tricky method to define. Some may wonder about the differences between Ethnography and other observational methods. Most observation-based methods involve the researcher observing the behavior of a group, listening to the group, asking questions and recording the sessions. But what distinguishes ethnography is that it tries to create a link between the cultural background of a group and how this culture influences the behavior of individuals who are part of this group.
The researcher observes the participant, listens carefully, converses and engages with groups of people to gain an understanding of the participant’s culture and behavior without imposing their own conceptual frameworks. Ethnography is by nature a time-consuming exercise. As the researcher doesn’t always have the luxury of time, a variant of regular ethnography is employed.
| Method | Purpose | Advantages | Disadvantages |
| Regular Ethnography | To get a detailed anthropological understanding of a group of participants, the patterns in their behavior and cultural influences behind those patterns |
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| Rapid Ethnography | To achieve a relatively deep understanding of peoples’ habits, influences and other anthropological data about individuals in a group quickly |
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Advantages of ethnography
01 First-hand insights
As the researcher has interacted, experienced as a participant and observed with the participants firsthand, they can be sure of the insights that surface reliably.
02 Detailed data
The length of the time spent with the participants, probing and observations lead to rich and detailed data collection.
03 High reliability
Because the researcher is directly engaged with the group participants and immersed into the group, the data collected is not from external or from individuals outside of the group under consideration. The data collected is highly reliable.
04 Close-interaction
The ethnographic researcher is a participant within a group or culture and involved closely with the other participants, they can develop perceptions, which can give them a peek into the lives and experiences of the participants within their culture. This also helps the researcher gain a deep understanding of different perspectives of individuals.
Disadvantages of ethnography
01 Time-consuming
A good ethnographic research study will require a huge time commitment from the researcher’s end. For studies that can go on for years at a stretch, the researcher needs to stay part of the group for a long time.
02 Diversity of results
A large number of participants and the extended exposure to their thoughts, preferences, cultural backgrounds and behavior can generate large amounts of diverse data which can pose a challenge to collate.
03 Reliability
As the researcher is solely involved in the group, its difficult to validate the reliability of data collected and insights generated.
04 Researcher Bias
As the researcher is engaged first hand with the other participants being studied, they are likely to introduce bias.
05 Participant reservations
If the role of the researcher is well known to the group participants, they may not always be open to sharing their perspectives.
06 Moral dilemma
Sometimes, information shared with the researcher as part of the group could be in confidence and may not be ethically correct to incorporate in the findings.
Think Design recommendation
Ethnography is an experiential research method which means that the researcher experiences the environment while observing it. Why it should take more time than other research techniques is precisely due to this reason: While we learn through experiences, we may have to go through several cycles of those experiences in order to rule out initial biases… and this in itself could take much longer than planned to accomplish.
Do not employ ethnography if your need is quantitative data or a set of observations in finite frame of time. Generally speaking, it takes several months to arrive at insights from ethnographic research and that’s the reason this should be employed when this is the only choice left of all the research methods… and arriving at this itself is a tough ask.
All is not over, however. A variant of Ethnography, Rapid ethnography is a method that could capture insights in a shorter frame of time. In most of the cases when you hear or read people doing ethnographic research, they may have actually employed Rapid ethnography but are not articulating that way!